偶然在查看文档时，看到这个demo，后来认真看了下真是麻雀虽小，很单一的struts2的增删改查，但是却从各方面诠释着struts2这一开源框架的精妙设计和丰富的可定制性。文档上提供是片段式的代码讲解，且是英文的，所以这里记录一下，方面以后查看。

      和以前一样，先上效果图：

 

    图一：

 

 

 

     图二：

 

 

 

     图三：

 

 

 

    图四：

 

 

            虽然从图上看的话，以上功能简单，但是代码里，时刻体现着该框架的设计之优秀，首先，我们新建一个web功能CusManager，并加入struts2的7个必要jar包。

           

             第一步，新建两个实体类Department和Employee作POJO，代码如下：

package com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.model;

import java.io.Serializable;

public class Department implements Serializable {
    Integer departmentId;

    String name;

    public Department() {
    }

    public Department(Integer departmentId, String name) {
        this.departmentId = departmentId;
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Integer getDepartmentId() {
        return departmentId;
    }

    public void setDepartmentId(Integer departmentId) {
        this.departmentId = departmentId;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

}

 

package com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.model;

import java.io.Serializable;

public class Employee implements Serializable {
    private Integer employeeId;

    private Integer age;

    private String firstName;

    private String lastName;

    private Department department;

    public Employee() {
    }

    public Employee(Integer employeeId, String firstName, String lastName,
            Integer age, Department department) {
        this.employeeId = employeeId;
        this.firstName = firstName;
        this.lastName = lastName;
        this.age = age;
        this.department = department;
    }

    public Department getDepartment() {
        return department;
    }

    public void setDepartment(Department department) {
        this.department = department;
    }

    public Integer getEmployeeId() {
        return employeeId;
    }

    public void setEmployeeId(Integer employeeId) {
        this.employeeId = employeeId;
    }

    public Integer getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(Integer age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getFirstName() {
        return firstName;
    }

    public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
        this.firstName = firstName;
    }

    public String getLastName() {
        return lastName;
    }

    public void setLastName(String lastName) {
        this.lastName = lastName;
    }
}

 

           第二步，定义dao层的接口，代码如下：

package com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.dao;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

public interface DepartmentDao {
    public List getAllDepartments();
    public Map getDepartmentsMap();
}

 

package com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.dao;

import java.util.List;

import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.model.Employee;

public interface EmployeeDao {
    public List getAllEmployees();
    public Employee getEmployee(Integer id);
    public void update(Employee emp);
    public void insert(Employee emp);
    public void delete(Integer id);
}

 

          第三步，完成上述接口的实现类，代码如下：

package com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.dao;

import java.util.*;

import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.model.Department;

public class DepartmentNoDBdao implements DepartmentDao {
    private static List departments;
    private static Map departmentsMap;
    static {
        departments = new ArrayList();
        departments.add(new Department( new Integer(100), "Accounting" ));
        departments.add(new Department( new Integer(200), "R & D"));
        departments.add(new Department( new Integer(300), "Sales" ));
        departmentsMap = new HashMap();
        Iterator iter = departments.iterator();
        while( iter.hasNext() ) {
            Department dept = (Department)iter.next();
            departmentsMap.put(dept.getDepartmentId(), dept );
        }

     }
    public List getAllDepartments() {
        return departments;
    }
    public Map getDepartmentsMap() {
        return departmentsMap;
    }
}

 

package com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.dao;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.model.Department;
import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.model.Employee;

public class EmployeeNoDBdao implements EmployeeDao {
    private static Map departmentsMap;
    private static ArrayList employees;

    static {
        employees = new ArrayList();
        employees.add(new Employee(new Integer(1), "John", "Doe", new Integer(36), new Department(new Integer(100), "Accounting")));
        employees.add(new Employee(new Integer(2), "Bob", "Smith", new Integer(25), new Department(new Integer(300), "Sales")));
        DepartmentDao deptDao = new DepartmentNoDBdao();
        departmentsMap = deptDao.getDepartmentsMap();
    }

    Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(this.getClass());

    public List getAllEmployees() {
        return employees;
    }

    public Employee getEmployee(Integer id) {
        Employee emp = null;
        Iterator iter = employees.iterator();
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            emp = (Employee)iter.next();
            if (emp.getEmployeeId().equals(id)) {
                break;
            }
        }
        return emp;
    }

    public void update(Employee emp) {
        Integer id = emp.getEmployeeId();
        for (int i = 0; i < employees.size(); i++) {
            Employee tempEmp = (Employee)employees.get(i);
            if (tempEmp.getEmployeeId().equals(id)) {
                emp.setDepartment((Department)departmentsMap.get(emp.getDepartment().getDepartmentId()));
                employees.set(i, emp);
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    public void insert(Employee emp) {
        int lastId = 0;
        Iterator iter = employees.iterator();
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            Employee temp = (Employee)iter.next();
            if (temp.getEmployeeId().intValue() > lastId) {
                lastId = temp.getEmployeeId().intValue();
            }
        }
        emp.setDepartment((Department)departmentsMap.get(emp.getDepartment().getDepartmentId()));
        emp.setEmployeeId(new Integer(lastId + 1));
        employees.add(emp);
    }

    public void delete(Integer id) {
        for (int i = 0; i < employees.size(); i++) {
            Employee tempEmp = (Employee)employees.get(i);
            if (tempEmp.getEmployeeId().equals(id)) {
                employees.remove(i);
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}

 

          第四步，根据dao层，完成service层（因为代码较为简单，未明确分包），代码如下：

package com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.service;

import java.util.List;

import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.dao.DepartmentDao;
import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.dao.DepartmentNoDBdao;

public class DepartmentDaoService implements DepartmentService {
    private DepartmentDao dao;

    public DepartmentDaoService() {
        this.dao = new DepartmentNoDBdao();
    }

    public List getAllDepartments() {
        return dao.getAllDepartments();
    }
}

 

package com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.service;

import java.util.List;

import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.dao.EmployeeDao;
import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.dao.EmployeeNoDBdao;
import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.model.Employee;

public class EmployeeDaoService implements EmployeeService {
    private EmployeeDao dao;

    public EmployeeDaoService() {
        this.dao = new EmployeeNoDBdao();
    }

    public List getAllEmployees() {
        return dao.getAllEmployees();
    }

    public void updateEmployee(Employee emp) {
        dao.update(emp);
    }

    public void deleteEmployee(Integer id) {
        dao.delete(id);
    }

    public Employee getEmployee(Integer id) {
        return dao.getEmployee(id);
    }

    public void insertEmployee(Employee emp) {
        dao.insert(emp);
    }
}

 

           第五步，service层的接口，代码如下：

package com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.service;

import java.util.List;

public interface DepartmentService {
    public List getAllDepartments();
}

 

package com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.service;

import java.util.List;

import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.model.Employee;

public interface EmployeeService {
    public List getAllEmployees();
    public void updateEmployee(Employee emp);
    public void deleteEmployee(Integer id);
    public Employee getEmployee(Integer id);
    public void insertEmployee(Employee emp);
}

 

      第六步，则是action层，代码如下：

package com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.action;

import java.util.List;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.model.Employee;
import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.service.DepartmentDaoService;
import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.service.DepartmentService;
import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.service.EmployeeDaoService;
import com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.service.EmployeeService;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.Preparable;

public class EmployeeAction extends ActionSupport implements Preparable {

    /**
     *
     */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -6886717038958304064L;

    private Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(this.getClass());

    private static EmployeeService empService = new EmployeeDaoService();

    private static DepartmentService deptService = new DepartmentDaoService();

    private Employee employee;

    private List employees;

    private List departments;

    public void prepare() throws Exception {
        departments = deptService.getAllDepartments();
        if (employee != null && employee.getEmployeeId() != null) {
            employee = empService.getEmployee(employee.getEmployeeId());
        }
    }

    public String doSave() {
        if (employee.getEmployeeId() == null) {
            empService.insertEmployee(employee);
        } else {
            empService.updateEmployee(employee);
        }
        return SUCCESS;
    }

    public String doDelete() {
        empService.deleteEmployee(employee.getEmployeeId());
        return SUCCESS;
    }

    public String doList() {
        employees = empService.getAllEmployees();
        return SUCCESS;
    }

    public String doInput() {
        return INPUT;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the employee.
     */
    public Employee getEmployee() {
        return employee;
    }

    /**
     * @param employee
     *            The employee to set.
     */
    public void setEmployee(Employee employee) {
        this.employee = employee;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the employees.
     */
    public List getEmployees() {
        return employees;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the departments.
     */
    public List getDepartments() {
        return departments;
    }
}

 

           接着在同级目录下，我们添加该action的同名验证框架，代码如下：

<!DOCTYPE validators PUBLIC "-//OpenSymphony Group//XWork Validator 1.0.2//EN"
       "http://www.opensymphony.com/xwork/xwork-validator-1.0.2.dtd">
<validators>
  <field name="employee.firstName">
     <field-validator type="requiredstring">
          <message key="errors.required.firstname"/>
      </field-validator>
  </field>
  <field name="employee.lastName">
     <field-validator type="requiredstring">
          <message key="errors.required.lastname"/>
      </field-validator>
  </field>
  <field name="employee.age">
     <field-validator type="required" short-circuit="true">
          <message key="errors.required.age"/>
      </field-validator>
      <field-validator type="int">
            <param name="min">18</param>
            <param name="max">65</param>
            <message key="errors.required.age.limit"/>
      </field-validator>
  </field>
</validators>

 

           至此，代码部分大抵完成，下面在src下，新建所需的配置文件：

首先是log4j，代码如下：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE log4j:configuration SYSTEM "log4j.dtd">
<log4j:configuration xmlns:log4j="http://jakarta.apache.org/log4j/">
    <appender name="stdout" class="org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender">
        <layout class="org.apache.log4j.TTCCLayout"/>
    </appender>

    <!-- log detail configuration -->
    <logger name="com.opensymphony.xwork">
        <level value="error"/>
        <appender-ref ref="stdout"/>
    </logger>
    <logger name="com.opensymphony.webwork">
        <level value="error"/>
        <appender-ref ref="stdout"/>
    </logger>
    <logger name="freemarker">
        <level value="warn"/>
        <appender-ref ref="stdout"/>
    </logger>
    <logger name="com.mevipro">
        <level value="debug"/>
        <appender-ref ref="stdout"/>
    </logger>
    <root>
        <level value="error"/>
        <appender-ref ref="stdout"/>
    </root>
</log4j:configuration>

 

             其次是struts.xml，代码如下：

<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
    "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
    "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd">
<struts>
    <!-- Include webwork default (from the Struts JAR). -->
    <include file="struts-default.xml"/>

    <!-- Configuration for the default package. -->
    <package name="default" extends="struts-default">

        <!-- Default interceptor stack. -->
        <default-interceptor-ref name="paramsPrepareParamsStack"/>
        <action name="index" class="com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.action.EmployeeAction" method="list">
            <result name="success">/jsp/employees.jsp</result>
            <!-- we don't need the full stack here -->
            <interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/>
        </action>
        <action name="crud" class="com.aurifa.struts2.tutorial.action.EmployeeAction" method="input">
            <result name="success" type="redirect-action">index</result>
            <result name="input">/jsp/employeeForm.jsp</result>
            <result name="error">/jsp/error.jsp</result>
        </action>
    </package>
</struts>

 

            然后是struts的国际化文件，struts.properties和guest.properties，代码分别如下：

struts.custom.i18n.resources=guest

 

#labels
application.title=Employee Maintenance Application
label.employees=Employees
label.delete=Delete
label.edit=Edit
label.employee.edit=Edit Employee
label.employee.add=Add Employee
label.firstName=First Name
label.lastName=Last Name
label.department=Department
label.age=Age

#button labels
button.label.submit=Submit
button.label.cancel=Cancel

##-- errors
errors.prefix=<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">
errors.suffix=</span>
errors.general=An Error Has Occcured
errors.required.firstname=Name is required.
errors.required.lastname=Last name is required.
errors.required.age=Please provide an age.
errors.required.age.limit=Please provide an age between ${min} and ${max}.
errors.required.department=Department is required.

 

 最后贴上运行时的jsp页面，代码不多，下面我分别贴出来，代码如下：

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <base href="<%=basePath%>">

    <title>My JSP 'index.jsp' starting page</title>
    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
    <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
    <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
    <meta http-equiv="Refresh" content="0;URL=index.action">
    <!--
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
    -->
  </head>

  <body>
    This is my JSP page. <br>
  </body>
</html>

 

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<s:if test="employee==null || employee.employeeId == null">
    <s:set name="title" value="%{'Add new employee'}"/>
</s:if>
<s:else>
    <s:set name="title" value="%{'Update employee'}"/>
</s:else>

<html>
<head>
    <link href="css/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
    <style>td { white-space:nowrap; }</style>
    <title><s:property value="#title"/></title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="titleDiv"><s:text name="application.title"/></div>
<h1><s:property value="#title"/></h1>
<%--<s:actionerror />--%>
<%--<s:actionmessage />--%>
<s:form action="crud!save.action" method="post">
    <s:textfield name="employee.firstName" value="%{employee.firstName}" label="%{getText('label.firstName')}" size="40"/>
    <s:textfield name="employee.lastName" value="%{employee.lastName}" label="%{getText('label.lastName')}" size="40"/>
    <s:textfield name="employee.age" value="%{employee.age}" label="%{getText('label.age')}" size="20"/>
    <s:select name="employee.department.departmentId" value="%{employee.department.departmentId}" list="departments" listKey="departmentId" listValue="name"/>
<%--    <s:select name="gender" list="%{#{'male':'Male', 'female':'Female'}}" />--%>
    <s:hidden name="employee.employeeId" value="%{employee.employeeId}"/>
    <s:submit value="%{getText('button.label.submit')}"/>
    <s:submit value="%{getText('button.label.cancel')}" name="redirect-action:index"/>
</s:form>
</body>
</html>

 

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<html>
<head>
    <link href="css/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
    <title><s:text name="label.employees"/></title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="titleDiv"><s:text name="application.title"/></div>
<h1><s:text name="label.employees"/></h1>
<s:url id="url" action="crud!input" />
<a href="<s:property value="#url"/>">Add New Employee</a>
<br/><br/>
<table class="borderAll">
    <tr>
        <th><s:text name="label.firstName"/></th>
        <th><s:text name="label.lastName"/></th>
        <th><s:text name="label.age"/></th>
        <th><s:text name="label.department"/></th>
        <th>&nbsp;</th>
    </tr>
    <s:iterator value="employees" status="status">
        <tr class="<s:if test="#status.even">even</s:if><s:else>odd</s:else>">
            <td class="nowrap"><s:property value="firstName"/></td>
            <td class="nowrap"><s:property value="lastName"/></td>
            <td class="nowrap"><s:property value="age"/></td>
            <td class="nowrap"><s:property value="department.name"/></td>
            <td class="nowrap">
                <s:url action="crud!input" id="url">
                    <s:param name="employee.employeeId" value="employeeId"/>
                </s:url>
                <a href="<s:property value="#url"/>">Edit</a>
                &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                <s:url action="crud!delete" id="url">
                    <s:param name="employee.employeeId" value="employeeId"/>
                </s:url>
                <a href="<s:property value="#url"/>">Delete</a>
            </td>
        </tr>
    </s:iterator>
    </table>
</body>
</html>

 

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Error Page</title>
    <link href="<s:url value='/css/main.css'/>" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
</head>
<body>
<s:actionerror/>
<br/>
In order that the development team can address this error, please report what you were doing that caused this error.
<br/><br/>
The following information can help the development
team find where the error happened and what can be done to prevent it from
happening in the future.

</body>
</html>

 

以上页面引用到的css文件，代码如下：

html, body  {
    margin-left: 10px;
    margin-right: 10px;
    margin-bottom: 5px;
    color: black;
    background-color: white;
    font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    font-size:12px;
}
.titleDiv {
    background-color: #EFFBEF;
    font-weight:bold;
    font-size:18px;
    text-align:left;
    padding-left:10px;
    padding-top:10px;
    padding-bottom:10px;
    border:2px solid #8F99EF;
}
h1 { font-weight:bold; color: brown; font-size:15px; text-align:left;}

td { font-size:12px; padding-right:10px; }
th { text-align:left; font-weight:bold; font-size:13px; padding-right:10px; }
.tdLabel { font-weight: bold; white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:top;}

A { color:#4A825A; text-decoration:none;}
A:link { text-decoration:none;}
A:visited { text-decoration:none;}
A:hover { text-decoration:none; color: red;}

.borderAll {
    border: 2px solid #8F99EF;
}

.butStnd {
    font-family:arial,sans-serif;
    font-size:11px;
    width:105px;
    background-color:#DCDFFA ;color:#4A825A;font-weight:bold;
}

.error {
    color: red;
    font-weight: bold;
}
.errorSection {
    padding-left:18px;
    padding-top:2px;
    padding-bottom:10px;
    padding-right:5px;
}

.even { background-color: #EFFBEF; }
.odd { background-color: white; }

.nowrap { white-space:nowrap; }

              

           到这里，这个例子基本上就完成了，其主要亮点在action层的实现类和验证xml，而jsp页面的tag和struts.xml也比较耐看，将web.xml配置好struts2的监听以后，部署到tomcat之后，浏览器键入：localhost:8080/CusManager，即可得到以上效果图所示。

 

            代码我是全部都贴上了，连css也有，不会有任何地方的缺失，假使大家运行报错，请认真查看错误，并检查自己的web.xml的配置，除此之外不会有任何错误。